AI for Independent Dental Practices: Insurance Verification, Recall, Treatment Planning, and the 2026 Margin Math
Independent dental practices with 1–3 operatories lose 8–15% of annual revenue to insurance verification errors, missed recall appointments, and untreated radiographic findings. A 2026 stack of Pearl, Weave, and Vyne Trellis can recover $80,000–$150,000 per year for a typical 2-chair, $1.2M practice — with payback inside 90 days.
The 2026 Dental Practice Margin Problem
Running an independent dental practice has always required managing two fundamentally different businesses simultaneously: the clinical craft of dentistry and the administrative machinery of a small healthcare company. In 2026, the administrative side is winning — and not in a good way.
According to ADA Health Policy Institute data, the average general practitioner in private practice billed $942,290 in gross production in 2024, yet took home a net income of just $207,980. That gap — more than $730,000 — represents overhead: staff wages, supplies, lab fees, rent, and the mounting drag of insurance administration. The ADA's Q2 2025 dental economy report flagged what it called a "fiscal squeeze": reimbursement rates from payers are rising slower than inflation, while wages and supply costs are rising faster. One in four dentists reported dropping out of some insurance networks entirely to escape the treadmill.
For a 2-chair practice billing $1.2M annually with a typical 38% overhead rate, the math is brutal. After overhead of approximately $456,000, the gross profit available to cover loan service, taxes, and owner compensation sits around $744,000 — but that figure assumes clean revenue cycle execution. Most independent practices don't get clean execution.
The three most common hemorrhage points are:
- Insurance verification errors. Staff spending 15–30 minutes per patient on manual portal lookups, creating a 10–20% initial claim denial rate that generates rework, write-offs, and delayed cash flow.
- Missed recall and no-shows. The average dental practice operates at a 55–65% hygiene recall rate, according to Dentx benchmark data, leaving 35–45% of potential hygiene revenue on the table. Industry no-show rates for dental practices run approximately 15%, per Solutionreach specialty benchmarks.
- Untreated radiographic findings. Multiple peer-reviewed studies confirm that AI-assisted X-ray reading surfaces clinically valid treatment opportunities that human reviewers miss — findings that, when presented with visual evidence, patients are far more likely to accept.
Together, these three failure modes represent 8–15% of annual revenue at a typical independent practice — a figure that, on a $1.2M book of business, translates to $96,000–$180,000 in recoverable value. The 2026 vendor landscape has finally matured to the point where purpose-built AI tools address each problem specifically, at price points accessible to a solo-dentist, 2-chair office.
What's Actually Working in 2026 — Vendor Landscape
The dental AI market has split cleanly into three functional layers, each with its own category of vendors. Practices that confuse these layers — or try to solve all three with a single-platform approach — tend to get mediocre results in all three areas. Practices that deploy a purpose-built tool for each problem see compound returns.
Layer 1: X-Ray AI / Treatment Planning
Pearl (hellopearl.com) is the most broadly deployed independent-practice X-ray AI in the U.S. market, with FDA clearance for both 2D periapical/bitewing and panoramic radiographs (the panoramic clearance was announced in December 2025). Pearl's Practice Intelligence platform detects caries, calculus, bone levels, and crown margin issues, then surfaces unscheduled treatment opportunity within the day's patient list. In a 10-practice study published by Pearl, the platform identified an average of $31,300 in treatment opportunity per practice per month, with an average of $12,500 per month converting into completed production. Pearl pricing is typically quoted in the $300–$700/month per operatory range depending on integrations and contract length.
VideaHealth (videa.ai) is the platform behind the largest single AI rollout in dental history. In April 2024, Heartland Dental deployed VideaAI across 1,700+ supported practices in under 10 weeks, working with Henry Schein One for PMS integration. VideaHealth reports 35 FDA-cleared AI indications, a 22% increase in case acceptance, and 2 hours saved per provider per day across its deployed base. The platform now powers DSOs including Gen4 Dental Partners (100+ locations) and P1 Dental Partners (60+ locations). VideaHealth targets DSOs and larger group practices; independent practices often access it through partnerships with their existing imaging hardware or PMS vendor.
Overjet (overjet.com) holds the most established clinical AI credentials and is the most commonly cited by payers and insurers using AI for utilization review. Overjet's platform quantifies bone loss, detects caries, and auto-generates insurance documentation narratives. The platform is FDA-cleared and has been adopted by commercial insurers for claims adjudication — meaning AI-generated Overjet narratives are increasingly recognized by major carriers as sufficient documentation for crown and periodontal claims. Overjet offers both clinical and insurance verification modules, making it the most complete single-vendor option for practices that want to consolidate.
Layer 2: Patient Recall + Communications
Weave (getweave.com) is the dominant all-in-one communications platform for small dental practices, combining VoIP phone, two-way texting, appointment reminders, automated recall, and online scheduling. Pricing starts at approximately $300–$500/month for a single-location practice. Weave's own data shows that its automated recall product averages a 21% scheduling rate from outreach contacts — equivalent to 14 additional appointments per month at a hygiene value of $150–$175, or roughly $25,200 per year in recovered production from recall alone. Weave's 2017 recall study (methodology unchanged) found that practices using the full system consistently see recall schedule rates above 50%.
Modento (get.modento.io) specializes in paperless intake, two-way patient chat, and automated recall campaigns with native integration into Open Dental, Dentrix, and Eaglesoft. Modento competes directly with Weave on the digital intake and recall side, generally at a lower price point, and is popular in practices that have already invested in VoIP through their PMS vendor.
RevenueWell (revenuewell.com) publishes average practice results openly: its users grow production by $73,600 in their first year with 900+ additional appointments. One profiled practice, Dr. Anderson at Family Dental Care Park Ridge, generates $1,655 in production with every newsletter sent. RevenueWell focuses heavily on reactivation — patients who haven't been seen in 12+ months — a segment most recall systems ignore.
Layer 3: Insurance Verification + Claims Automation
Vyne Trellis (vynedental.com) is the most widely adopted standalone insurance verification platform in independent dental offices, offering real-time eligibility checks, claims submission, ERA posting, and attachment management through a single web-based platform. A Facebook group post from a Vyne customer in December 2025 reported migrating from a competing verification service costing over $3,500/year to Vyne at approximately $160/month for insurance verification plus unlimited eClaims — a significant cost reduction with broader functionality.
Overjet's Insurance Verification module goes a layer deeper than simple eligibility, using AI to cross-check procedure codes against plan-specific coverage rules before treatment begins — flagging frequency limit violations and pre-authorization requirements in advance. This is the tool behind the Promenade Center for Dentistry case study below.
Pearl Precheck is Pearl's recently launched verification add-on, integrating AI eligibility with the Practice Intelligence workflow so that radiographic findings and coverage data are visible side-by-side during patient scheduling. Pearl Precheck works with 300+ payers and returns checks in under 10 seconds, per Pearl's published documentation.
Use Case Deep Dive #1: Insurance Verification + Claims Automation
Insurance verification is the least glamorous part of dental practice operations and, dollar for dollar, the highest-leverage target for AI automation. Overjet's practice analysis found that dental staff spend 15–30 minutes per patient on manual insurance verification — calling payers, logging into outdated portals, manually entering plan details. For a practice with 40 patients per day, this is 10–20 hours of front-office time consumed by a single workflow before a single patient is seated.
The downstream costs multiply. Claim denial rates across commercial payers run approximately 13.9–15%, according to American Hospital Association data cited by Aptarro. ACA marketplace insurer denial rates averaged 19–20% for in-network claims in 2023, per KFF research. In dental specifically, 2740 Consulting reports that the average practice achieves an 84% claim collection rate — meaning 16 cents of every billed dollar goes uncollected, versus the industry best-practice target of 98%. That 14-point gap on a $1.2M practice translates to $168,000 in potential recoverable revenue.
Per mConsent's analysis, automated verification reduces claim denials by approximately 30% and frees 5–7 front-desk hours per week.
Named Case Study: Promenade Center for Dentistry + Overjet
Promenade Center for Dentistry, a family-owned multi-provider practice, deployed Overjet's AI-powered insurance verification and documented the following outcomes:
- Front-desk staff were previously spending up to 75% of their time on insurance verification tasks
- After deploying Overjet, the office saved 20 hours per week of front-office time
- 100% of patients are now verified prior to their appointments, verified 2 days in advance
- Fewer claim rejections, smoother billing, and faster reimbursements were all documented outcomes
- Overjet connects to 300+ payers and integrates directly with major practice management systems
Named Case Study: Bridge Mill Dental Care + Overjet
Bridge Mill Dental Care, featured in an Overjet case study published December 2025, saves 15+ hours per week using Overjet's insurance verification module — time redirected to patient education and same-day treatment coordination.
Which Carriers Are Accepting AI-Generated Narratives in 2026?
The payer landscape for AI-assisted documentation has shifted meaningfully. Overjet's platform is the primary tool used by commercial insurers for AI-based utilization review. As of early 2026, several major commercial carriers have established workflows to process claims that include AI-generated clinical narratives and annotated radiograph images — particularly for crown, periodontal, and implant cases where documentation quality directly drives approval rates. Practices using Overjet's clinical AI report fewer documentation denials on complex restorative cases because the platform produces standardized, bone-loss-quantified narrative text that matches the format payers' adjudication systems process most efficiently.
Use Case Deep Dive #2: Patient Recall + Retention
The hygiene schedule is the engine of an independent dental practice. A full hygiene schedule produces steady diagnostic income, creates daily exam opportunities, feeds the restorative pipeline, and retains patients who might otherwise drift to a competitor or stop seeking care. When recall breaks down, the entire revenue model softens.
The benchmark data is damning. Dentx 2026 data puts the average practice recall rate at 55–65%, against a best-practice target of 85–90%. For a practice with 2,000 active patients scheduled for two hygiene visits per year, operating at 70% recall means 1,200 missed visit slots annually. At a hygiene visit value of $175, that's $210,000 in lost hygiene revenue — before accounting for the restorative exams, referral value, and lifetime patient value lost when patients disengage.
The patient lifetime value equation makes this concrete. Wonderful Dental's analysis models a patient spending $800/year retained for 7 years at a lifetime value of $5,600. Dental Strategic benchmarks general dentistry patient lifetime value at $5,000–$15,000 per patient, including referred patients. eAssist's recall research finds the average new patient generates at least $4,500 in lifetime revenue — making patient retention a direct substitute for new-patient acquisition spending, typically $150–$300 per new patient.
AI recall platforms attack this problem at three levels:
Automated Hygiene Recall
Weave's automated recall sends text, email, and phone reminders on a schedule keyed to each patient's last appointment date. Weave's own data from its customer base shows that 21% of patients contacted through automated recall scheduled an appointment — 14 additional patients per month, generating approximately $25,200 in additional hygiene production annually at a hygiene visit value of $150. Practices using Weave's full confirmation workflow (two-way text confirmation, smart sentiment detection) see recall schedule rates above 50%.
Reactivation Campaigns
Practice Analytics benchmarks show a 10–15% increase in patient retention tied directly to recall program improvements. By adding 25–30 patients per month to the hygiene schedule, a practice can see $4,000–$5,000 in incremental hygiene production plus $2,000–$3,000 in restorative from exams — totaling $6,000–$8,000 per month in recovered revenue from improved recall alone. RevenueWell's platform focuses on patients inactive for 12+ months; one profiled practice, Long Grove Dental Studio, reactivated 37 patients in its first month.
No-Show Reduction
The dental no-show rate averages approximately 15%, per Solutionreach specialty data. AI-driven reminder systems that send tiered messages (upon booking, 1 week before, 24–48 hours before) combined with two-way confirmation typically reduce no-shows to 5–8%. The Curogram 2025 guide estimates that a single missed appointment costs $200 on average, and a small practice with two no-shows per day loses more than $50,000 per year — revenue recoverable through consistent AI-powered reminder workflows. MGMA's 2025 no-show guidance recommends AI risk scoring to direct human follow-up toward highest-risk appointment slots.
Use Case Deep Dive #3: X-Ray AI / Treatment Planning
Radiographic AI is the most visible and most studied category of dental AI, and the one with the most robust independent evidence base. The core value proposition is straightforward: AI detects pathology that human reviewers miss, and patients who see annotated visual evidence of their own dental disease accept treatment at higher rates.
The Detection Problem
VideaHealth's platform statistics report a 22% increase in case acceptance across its deployed base, and claim 2 hours saved per provider per day through faster radiograph interpretation and documentation. The platform holds 35 FDA-cleared AI indications across caries, bone levels, calculus, and other radiographic findings. An independently conducted clinical study cited on the VideaHealth platform found AI accuracy rated 5/5 by clinicians for standard periapical findings, with particularly strong performance on interproximal caries that overlap in bitewing views.
Pearl Practice Intelligence ROI Study
In a Pearl-conducted study of 10 practices using Practice Intelligence over one month, the platform surfaced an average of $31,300 in previously undetected treatment opportunity per practice. Average completed production from AI-identified treatment was $12,500/month — translating to $150,000 in additional annual production per practice. The reported return on investment was 21x annually for general practices and 61x for practices offering in-house specialty treatments. Pearl's FDA clearance now covers both 2D and panoramic radiographs, following the December 2025 panoramic clearance announcement.
Named Case Studies: Overjet Clinical AI
Overjet has published an extensive library of named-practice case studies demonstrating clinical and financial outcomes:
- Quest Dental: Increased crown production by 19% and restorations by 15% using Overjet's patient education visuals, per Overjet's resource library.
- Affinity Dental Management: Boosted crown treatment planning from 11% to 26% of exams using Overjet's Clinical Intelligence Platform — a 136% increase in the conversion rate from diagnosis to recommended treatment.
- Midtown Dental (via Practice by Numbers + Overjet): Improved case acceptance by 566% — the highest-publicized case acceptance improvement in the Overjet case study library, published December 2025.
- Signature Dental Partners / Costa Verde Dental: Achieved 13x ROI with Overjet AI — the most frequently cited ROI figure in Overjet's published outcomes.
- Total Dental Care: Cut claim denials by 21% using Overjet Voice for clinical documentation, reducing the rework burden that consumes front-office time.
- Perio Atlanta: Reclaimed 10 minutes per patient and eliminated after-hours paperwork using Overjet Voice for real-time charting and documentation.
The DSO Signal for Independent Practices
The largest dental AI deployment in industry history — Heartland Dental's VideaAI rollout across 1,700+ practices in under 10 weeks — was completed in April 2024 in partnership with VideaHealth and Henry Schein One. The fact that the nation's largest DSO deployed AI at scale is the most reliable signal available that the technology delivers measurable clinical and operational returns. Independent practices now have access to the same platforms, without enterprise-minimum pricing, through direct vendor relationships or through their existing PMS.
The 2-Chair, $1.2M Practice ROI Worksheet
The following model assumes a 2-operatory general practice with 1 dentist, 2 hygienists, and 2 administrative staff, billing $1.2M annually with a 38% overhead rate. The AI stack deployed is Pearl Practice Intelligence (~$600/month per operatory, 2 ops), Weave communications ($450/month), and Vyne Trellis insurance verification ($160/month). Total monthly technology investment: approximately $1,810/month, or $21,720/year.
| Value Driver | Baseline (No AI) | With AI Stack | Annual Delta | Source / Basis |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front-office hours on insurance verification | 15–20 hrs/week | 3–5 hrs/week | 520–780 hours/year saved | Overjet (Promenade: 20 hrs/wk saved); Pearl Precheck (20+ hrs/wk) |
| Claim denial rate | 14–16% of billings | 9–11% of billings | ~$60,000–$72,000 recovered | mConsent (30% denial reduction); ADA 84% avg collection rate |
| No-show rate | ~15% of scheduled | ~7% of scheduled | ~$24,000–$32,000 recovered | Solutionreach (15% dental avg); Curogram ($200/no-show) |
| Recall conversion (reactivated patients) | 60–65% recall rate | 75–80% recall rate | ~$25,000–$35,000 in hygiene + restorative | Weave ($25,200/yr from automated recall); Practice Analytics benchmarks |
| Radiographic treatment opportunity captured | Baseline production | $12,500/month additional | ~$150,000 additional production | Pearl 10-practice study ($12,500/mo avg completed production uplift) |
| Staff labor cost (hrs saved redirected to production support) | 2 admins at $20–$22/hr on verification | Redirected to scheduling, case acceptance | $10,000–$14,000 in labor efficiency | mConsent 5–7 hrs/week saved per front-desk role |
| Total Annual Value Delta | — | — | $269,000–$303,000 | Sum of above rows (conservative range) |
| AI stack annual cost | — | — | ($21,720) | Pearl ~$1,200/mo + Weave $450/mo + Vyne ~$160/mo |
| Net Annual ROI | — | — | $247,000–$281,000 | 11–13x return on AI stack investment |
Note: The radiographic production uplift ($150,000) carries the highest variance — it depends on case acceptance rates, existing diagnostic quality, and specialty mix. Conservative practices should model 50–60% of the Pearl-published figure as a realistic first-year target. The insurance and recall rows are more reliable because they represent recovered revenue rather than net-new production.
Where Independent Practices Get This Wrong — Failure Modes
The most instructive source on AI adoption failure in independent dental practices is the community itself. Threads on r/Dentistry and Dentaltown surface the same failure modes repeatedly.
Failure Mode 1: Buying the Demo, Skipping the Integration
The most common failure pattern documented in dental practice forums is purchasing a software subscription — particularly Dental Intelligence or similar analytics tools — that never successfully integrates with the practice's existing PMS. One r/Dentistry commenter described it directly: "I wasted like $800 or so on this company only for them to not help us get it working with Eaglesoft at all. Then it took me like 3 weeks to cancel my contract. It literally never worked, they should have refunded me everything." Before signing any AI vendor contract, practices should require a documented integration checklist with their specific PMS version (Dentrix, Eaglesoft, Open Dental, Curve) and ask for references from practices on the same PMS.
Failure Mode 2: Deploying AI Receptionist Before Back-Office AI
Practice owners in the r/Dentistry AI receptionist thread consistently pushed back on AI call-handling, with one experienced operator noting: "I really hope they start prioritizing more administrative tasks, such as posting EOBs and handling insurance verifications, among other things." AI for patient-facing phone calls is still immature and generates patient friction. AI for insurance verification — an invisible, back-office workflow — generates zero patient friction and immediate staff relief. Practices that sequence deployments correctly — verification first, then recall automation, then clinical AI, then patient-facing AI — see compounding returns. Practices that start with the most visible tool (AI receptionist) often generate staff resistance and patient complaints before seeing any benefit.
Failure Mode 3: Underestimating Staff Adoption
A widely upvoted comment in the April 2026 Reddit thread on dental AI automation captured the core adoption challenge: "A key aspect that often goes overlooked is the dynamics of front desk personnel. They may perceive automation as a threat and may be reluctant to embrace it. While convincing the dentist is the initial step, securing the support of the staff is crucial for ensuring successful implementation." VideaHealth's Heartland deployment specifically highlighted that their "hybrid, virtual-first" support structure was critical to achieving 95%+ user adoption across 1,700 locations. Independent practices should budget for 2–4 hours of staff training per tool and identify a "champion" on each team — typically the office manager — who is accountable for adoption metrics.
Failure Mode 4: Conflating Insurance Verification with Billing
Verification (confirming what a plan covers before treatment) and billing (submitting claims after treatment) are different workflows requiring different tools. Practices that deploy a billing automation tool expecting it to reduce pre-treatment denials will be disappointed. The correct sequence is: AI verification before treatment → clean claim submission → automated ERA posting. Vyne Trellis covers all three; practices using a single-function tool for one step still bear manual effort at the other two.
Failure Mode 5: Ignoring the Dentaltown Pricing Reality
Multiple Dentaltown discussions show practice owners paying $250–$400/month for a single-function verification tool when a bundled platform (Vyne Trellis at ~$160/month, Weave at $300–$500/month including recall) covers more workflows at lower per-function cost. Audit your existing subscriptions annually — overlapping tools are common in practices that adopted software incrementally over several years.
The 90-Day Deployment Playbook
The following sequence is based on the deployment patterns of independent practices that have successfully implemented all three AI layers without disrupting active patient care. The 90-day window is realistic for a 2-chair practice with 2 admin staff; larger practices should add 2–4 weeks per additional operatory.
- Week 1 — Audit and baseline. Pull 90 days of practice data: claim denial rate, average time-to-payment, recall rate (patients overdue vs. scheduled), no-show rate by day of week, and existing software subscriptions. This baseline is your before-picture for ROI measurement. Most PMS systems generate this data natively; Dental Intelligence or Practice Analytics can surface it if your PMS reporting is limited.
- Week 2 — Choose your insurance verification stack. If your practice is on a major PMS (Dentrix, Eaglesoft, Open Dental), shortlist Vyne Trellis, Pearl Precheck, and Overjet Verification. Request demos from at least two. Confirm integration compatibility with your specific PMS version — not just the brand. Ask each vendor for a reference from a practice on your exact PMS.
- Week 3 — Onboard verification tool. Import your insurance carrier list and active patient records. Configure auto-verification to run 2 days before each scheduled appointment. Train front-desk staff on the new workflow (typically 2 hours). The goal by end of Week 3: zero patients arriving without verified benefits.
- Week 4 — Implement recall automation. If not already using Weave or a comparable communications platform, deploy it now. Import your overdue recall list. Set up automated outreach sequences: text at 30 days overdue, email at 45 days, text again at 60 days, phone flag at 90 days. Establish a two-way confirmation workflow so patients can confirm with a single text reply.
- Weeks 5–6 — Deploy X-ray AI and train clinical team. Pearl or VideaHealth can typically be onboarded within a single training session. The critical success factor is establishing a consistent workflow: AI analysis runs on every image before the doctor reviews it, AI findings are discussed with patients using the annotated visual, and unscheduled findings are flagged in the day's production report. Hygienists are the most important adopters — they take most of the diagnostic images and have the longest patient interaction time for recall discussion.
- Week 7 — First reporting checkpoint. Pull updated metrics: denial rate, recall appointments scheduled from AI outreach, no-show rate, and any AI-flagged treatment scheduled and completed. Compare to Week 1 baseline. Expect to see verification savings clearly by this point; recall and clinical AI benefits typically lag 4–6 weeks as the pipeline fills.
- Weeks 8–10 — Optimize and expand. Review staff adoption by role. Identify the workflow steps generating the most friction — commonly the handoff between AI flagged findings and patient communication. Adjust reminder timing, message templates, or confirmation workflows based on the first 6 weeks of response data. If no-show rate has not dropped by at least 30%, evaluate whether the confirmation workflow is reaching patients in their preferred communication channel.
- Week 11 — Financial reconciliation. Calculate actual hours saved on verification, actual recall appointments added, actual no-shows reduced, and any documented production increase from AI-flagged treatment. This is your ROI document for the practice owner — and, if you're working with an advisor like AdValorem, the foundation for the next optimization recommendation.
- Week 12 — 90-day review and Year 2 planning. Present the reconciled ROI to the dentist and office manager. Set Year 2 targets for recall rate, claim collection rate, and production-per-day. Evaluate whether to add a second AI communication channel (e.g., reactivation campaigns for patients inactive 18+ months via RevenueWell), or to deepen clinical AI use by adding treatment presentation software to increase case acceptance on AI-flagged findings.
What This Means for Your Practice — and What AdValorem Can Do
The dental AI market in 2026 is no longer a question of whether the technology works. The evidence base — from Pearl's 10-practice production study to Heartland's 1,700-location rollout to Overjet's named case studies at Promenade, Bridge Mill, Signature Dental, and Quest Dental — is sufficient to establish that these tools deliver measurable returns when deployed correctly.
The variable is execution. Practices that deploy the right tools in the right sequence, with proper staff training and baseline measurement, routinely see 10–15x returns on their AI investment. Practices that buy tools in the wrong order, skip integration verification, or fail to establish staff champions end up with subscription costs and no behavior change.
For a 2-chair, $1.2M practice, the realistic 12-month outcome of a correctly sequenced Pearl + Weave + Vyne deployment is:
- 15–20 front-office hours per week reclaimed from manual insurance verification
- Claim denial rate reduced from ~15% toward the 9–11% range — recovering $60,000–$72,000 in previously written-off billings
- No-show rate cut from 15% to 7% — recovering $24,000–$32,000 in lost appointment revenue
- 14+ additional recall appointments per month from automated outreach — adding $25,000+ in hygiene production
- $75,000–$150,000 in additional production from AI-surfaced radiographic findings with patient acceptance
- Net annual ROI of $150,000–$250,000 on an annual technology investment of approximately $22,000
The AdValorem strategy packages are designed to turn this research into a deployed, operational system for your specific practice — your PMS, your payer mix, your staff configuration, your existing software subscriptions. We don't recommend generic tools; we recommend the specific stack for your situation, with an implementation sequence that minimizes disruption and maximizes early wins.
Make this real for your practice
AdValorem packages — done-for-you AI deployment strategies tailored to your books, vertical, and tech stack.